英语
日语
韩语
法语
德语
西班牙语
意大利语
阿拉伯语
葡萄牙语
越南语
俄语
泰语
丹麦语
对外汉语
which occurs only in the nominative singular and plural and the genitive
singular.
Singular Plural
Nom. joka who, which, that jo/t/ka
Gen. jo/n/ka jo/i/den
Part. jo/ta jo/i/ta
Iness. jo/ssa jo/i/ssa
150 Finnish: An Essential Grammar
Singular Plural
Elat. jo/sta jo/i/sta
Illat. jo/hon jo/i/hin
Adess. jo/lla jo/i/lla
Ablat. jo/lta jo/i/lta
Allat. jo/lle jo/i/lle
Ess. jo/na jo/i/na
Transl. jo/ksi jo/i/ksi
Mikä (mentioned above as an interrogative pronoun, §56) is also used as a
relative pronoun. With the exception of the nominative and accusative the
plural forms are the same as the corresponding singular ones; otherwise it
declines like joka.
Singular Plural
Nom. mikä which, that mi/t/kä
Gen. mi/n/kä (other forms as singular)
Part. mi/tä
Iness. mi/ssä
Elat. mi/stä
Illat. mi/hin
Adess. mi/llä
Ablat. mi/ltä
Allat. mi/lle
Ess. mi/nä
Transl. mi/ksi
Joka is a more common relative pronoun than mikä, and it is mainly, but not
always, used to refer to entities that are alive. Mikä is mostly used only for
inanimate entities; it is also used when the reference is to a clause or to an
expression containing a superlative.
Hän on mies, joka ei pelkää.
He is a man who does not fear.
Tämä on kirja, jo/ta en halua lukea.
This is a book that I don’t want to read.
Talo jo/ssa asun on Vilhonkadulla.
The house wher I live is in Vilho’s Street.
Sain lahjan, jo/sta on hyötyä.
I got a present which is useful (‘of which is use’).
Ne olivat aikoja, jo/t/ka eivät palaa.
They were times that will never return.
Pronouns 151
Tapahtumat jo/i/sta kuulin olivat kauheita.
The events which I heard about were terrible.
Se on paras paikka mi/n/kä tiedän.
It is the best place that I know.
Tässä ovat kirjeet, mi/t/kä lähetit minulle.
Here are the letters that you sent to me.
Tuo on kertomus, jo/hon en usko.
That is a story that I don’t believe.
Tuli sade, mikä esti matkamme.
It rained, which prevented our trip.