【芬兰语语法】§81 THE PAST PARTICIPLES

 The past participles occur primarily in the compound tenses, i.e. the perfect and

pluperfect, for example on sano/nut ‘has said’, on sano/ttu ‘one has said’; oli

sano/nut ‘had said’, oli sano/ttu ‘one had said’. For the formation of these

participles see §61, §71. By way of recapitulation, here are a few examples of

this usage:

Past participle (perfect tense active)

(minä) olen anta/nut I have given

(sinä) olet anta/nut you have given (sing.)

Pekka on anta/nut Pekka has given

(me) olemme anta/neet we have given

(te) olette anta/neet you have given (pl.)

he ovat anta/neet they have given

on anne/ttu one has given

Participles 199

The corresponding pluperfect forms are (minä) olin anta/nut ‘I had given’, he

olivat anta/neet ‘they had given’, oli anne/ttu ‘one had given’, etc.

The past participles indicate completed action (anta/nut, anne/ttu), wheras

the present participles indicate incomplete action (cf. §79, §80).

The past participles also occur as adjectivals, particularly as premodifiers, e.g.

lahjan anta/nut mies ‘the man who gave the present’ and anne/ttu lahja ‘a present

that has been/was given’. If a participle has its own objects or adverbials these are

placed before the participle (cf. §79).

Examples follow, first of the use of the active participle (-nut ~ -nyt). The

inflectional stem is -nee-.

paljon matkusta/nut ihminen

a much travelled person

koke/nut lääkäri

an experienced doctor

Tunnen koke/nee/n lääkärin.

I know an experienced doctor.

En tunne koke/nut/ta lääkäriä.

I don’t know an experienced doctor.

pois juos/sut koira

a dog that has run away

Vietnamissa ol/lee/t ihmiset sanovat, että…

People who have been in Vietnam say that…

Eilen saapu/nee/t matkustajat ovat jo lähteneet.

The travellers who arrived yesterday have already left.

Viime syksynä ilmesty/nee/t kirjat ovat hyviä.

The books which were published last autumn are good.

Pommin löytä/nyt koira kuoli.

The dog which (had) found the bomb died.

Pommin löytä/nee/lle koiralle annettiin mitali.

The dog which (had) found the bomb was given a medal.

Näin pala/nee/n talon.

I saw a burnt/burned-down house.

Pala/nee/ssa talossa oli ollut ihmisiä.

There had been people in the burned-down house.

Oletteko väsy/ne/i/tä?

Are you tired?

He ovat hyvin koke/ne/i/ta.

They are very experienced.

200 Finnish: An Essential Grammar

In the same way, the past participle passive -(t)tu ~ -(t)ty indicates a completed

action performed by an unspecified agent.

kaupasta oste/ttu kirja

a book bought in a shop

syksyllä rakenne/ttu talo

a house built in the autumn

He asuvat syksyllä rakenne/tu/ssa talossaan.

They live in their house which was built in the autumn.

hyväksy/tty ehdotus

an accepted proposal

Hyväksy/ty/t opiskelijat voivat jatkaa.

Students accepted may continue.

syö/ty piirakka

a pie that has been/was eaten

Eilen syö/dy/t piirakat olivat hyviä.

The pies that were eaten yesterday were good.

anne/ttu lahja

a present that has been/was given

Anne/ttu/j/a lahjoja ei voi ottaa takaisin.

Presents that have been given cannot be taken back.

pelaste/ttu merimies

a rescued sailor

Pelaste/tu/t merimiehet olivat hyvässä kunnossa.

The rescued sailors were in good shape.

maalat/tu seinä

a painted wall

Seinät eivät ole maala/tu/t.

The walls are not painted.