【芬兰语语法】§15.5MORE EXAMPLES OF TYPES OF CONSONANT GRADATION

 Quantitative gradation

(1) pp ~ p kauppa shop kaupassa in the shop

lamppu lamp lamput lamps

tappa- kill tapan I kill

(2) tt ~ t katto roof katolla on the roof

käyttä- use käytämme we use

otta- take otan I take

(3) kk ~ k takki coat takissani in my coat

kaikke- everything kaikessa in everything

nukku- sleep nukuimme we slept

Qualitative gradation

(4) p ~ v kylpe- bathe kylven I bathe

kipu pain kivussa in pain

tarpee- need tarve need

(5) t ~ d tietä- know tiedätkö? do you know?

vetä- pull vedä! pull!

äiti mother äidille to mother

(6) ht ~ hd vihta whisk vihdalla with a whisk

vaihta- change vaihdatteko?do you change?

lehte- newspaper lehdessä in the newspaper

(7) k ~ Ø joke- river joesta out of the river

jaka- divide jaamme we divide

poika boy pojalle to the boy

aika time ajassa in time

Two important sound alternations 37

(8) mp ~ mm ampu- shoot ammutaan one shoots

kampa comb kammalla with a comb

(9) nt ~ nn tunte- feel ei tunne does not feel

anta- give annamme we give

ranta shore rannalla on the shore

(10) nk ~ ng kenkä shoe kengästä out of the shoe

tunke- shove älä tunge! don’t shove!

tinki- bargain tingitkö? do you bargain?

(11) lt ~ ll ilta evening illalla in the evening

kulta gold kullaksi to (become) gold

viheltä- whistle vihellän I whistle

(12) rt ~ rr kiertä- turn kierrä! turn!

kerta time kerran once

kerto- tell kerronko? do I tell?

(13) lke ~ lje sulke- close suljemme we close

jälke- trace jäljet traces

kulke- go kuljet you go

(14) rke ~ rje särke- break särjetkö? do you break?

arke- everyday arjen of everyday

(15) hke ~ hje rohkene- dare rohjeta (to) dare

(16) k ~ v suku family suvussa in the family

puku dress puvut dresses

luku number luvun of a number

Note the exceptional words poika ‘boy’ and aika ‘time’ (type (7)) wher the

loss of k makes i change to j in the weak grade. Type (13) and particularly

types (14)–(16) are rare.